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abiotic transformation: Any process in which a chemical in the environment is modified by non-biological mechanisms (see also biotransformation) (WHO, 1979) Aberration chromosomique absolute: Chemical substance that is relatively free of impurities. absolute pressure:
The total pressure within
a vessel, pipe, etc., not
offset by external atmospheric
pressure. absorbed dose (in toxicology): The amount of a chemical absorbed into the body or into organs and tissues of interest (WHO, 1978a). absorbed dose (in radiation): The energy imparted to matter in a suitably small element of volume by ionizing radiation divided by the mass of that element of volume (ISO, 1972). The SI unit for absorbed dose is joule per kilogram (J kgW-1) and its special name is gray (Gy) (ISO, 1972). Absorption: Passage d'une substance de l'extérieur à l'intérieur de l'organisme. Les voies d'absorption sont des voies par lesquelles une substance pénètre sans lésion dans l'organisme. Les voies d'absorption habituelles en milieu de travail sont les voies respiratoires (par inhalation) et la peau (par pénétration cutanée). La voie digestive (par ingestion) est la moins fréquente. absorption (in colloid and surface chemistry): A process whereby, when two phases are brought into contact, a given component is transferred from one phase to the other (after IUPAC, 1972). Experimental differentiation of absorption and adsorption (q.v.) may be difficult, and sometimes the two processes occur simultaneously; in such cases the term ``sorption'' is used (WHO, 1979). acceptable daily intake(ADI): This is an estimate of the amount of substance in the food that can be ingested daily over a lifetime by humans without appreciable health risk. The concept of the ADI has been developed principally by WHO and FAO and is relevant to chemicals such as additives to foodstuffs, residues of pesticides and veterinary drugs in foods. ADIs are derived from laboratory toxicity data, and from human experiences of such chemicals when this is available, and incorporate the safety factor. acceptable daily intake (pesticide residues): The acceptable daily intake of a chemical is the daily intake which, during an entire life time, appears to be without appreciable risk to the health of the consumer on the basis of all the known facts at the time when a toxicological assessment is carried out. It is expressed in milligrams of the chemical per kilogram of body weight (Vettorazzi, 1980). acceptable daily intake not specified: An ADI without an explicit indication of the upper limit of intake may be assigned to substances of very low toxicity, especially those that are food constituents or that may be considered as foods or normal metabolites in man. This expression was adopted as a more suitable expression than ``ADI not limited'', which was previously used. An additive having an ``ADI not specified'' must meet the criteria of good manufacturing practices. For example, it should have proved technological efficacy and be used at the minimum level of technological efficacy, it should not conceal inferior food quality or adulteration, and it should not create a nutritional imbalance. The above expression means that, on the basis of available data (chemical, biochemical, and toxicological), the total daily intake of the substance arising from its use or uses at levels necessary to achieve the desired effect and from its acceptable background in food, does not represent a hazard to health. For this reason, and for reasons stated in the individual evaluations, the establishment of an acceptable daily intake expressed in mg/kg body weight is not deemed necessary (Vettorazzi, 1980). no acceptable daily intake allocated: This expression is applicable to substances for which the available information is not sufficient to establish their safety or when the specifications for identity and purity are not adequate. The fact that an ADI for an additive was not established should not be interpreted as casting doubt on its safety nor should it be considered for its withdrawal for use (Vettorazzi, 1980). acceptable risk: This concept relates to the probability of suffering disease or injury that will be tolerated by an individual, group or society. Acceptability of risk depends on the scientific data, social, economic and political factors, and on the perceived benefits arising from the a chemical or process. accumulation: Successive additions of a substance to a target organism, or organ, or to part of the environment, resulting in an increasing quantity or concentration of the substance in the organism, organ, or environment. accuracy: (i) The closeness of agreement between the ``true'' value and the measured values (ISO, 1981); (ii) the degree to which a measurement, or an estimate based on measurements, represents the true value of the attribute that is being measured (Last, 1988). ACGIH: (American Conference of Governemental Industrial Hygienists) Organisation américaine non gouvernementale regroupant les hygiénistes industriels des agences gouvernementales américaines. L'ACGIH met au point et publie des normes d'exposition recommandées pour les produits chimiques, les agents physiques ainsi qu'une liste d'indices d'exposition biologique. ACGIH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. An organization of professionals in governmental agencies or educational institutions engaged in occupational safety and health programs. ACGIH develops and publishes recommended occupational exposure limits for chemical substances and physical agents. Acide: Se dit d'une substance chimique pouvant libérer un ion hydrogène (H+). Le degré d'acidité est mesuré en unité de pH variant de 0 à 7, où 7 est neutre et 0 très acide. Selon le SIMDUT, une substance appartient à la catégorie des matières corrosives si son pH est égal ou inférieur à 2 en absence de données spécifiques. acid: Any chemical which undergoes dissociation in water with the formation of hydrogen ions. Acids have a sour taste and may cause severe burns. They turn litmus paper red and have ph values of 0 to 6. Acids will neutralize bases or alkaline media. Acids will react with a base to form a salt. Acidose métabolique: C'est un trouble de l'équilibre acido-basique de l'organisme. Il correspond à un excès d'acide dans le sang. L'équilibre acido-basique est le rapport constant et équilibré entre les acides et les bases dans l'organisme. acidose: Condition of decreased alkalinity of the blood and tissues marked by sickly sweet breath, headache, nausea, vomiting, and visual disturbances; usually the result of excessive acid production. Acro-ostéolyse: Destruction progressive du tissu osseux de l'extrémité des doigts et des orteils. active ingredient:
Ingredient of a product
that actually does what
the product is designed
to do. The remaining ingredients
may be inert. action level: (i) The level of a pollutant at which specified emergency countermeasures, such as the seizure and destruction of contaminated materials, evacuation of the local population or closing down the sources of pollution, are to be taken (UN, 1972); (ii) the level at which some kind of preventive action (not necessarily of an emergency nature) is to be taken; (iii) a level of exposure of workers to airborne harmful substances in workrooms to be determined by the competent authority; it is distinctly below the exposure limit and consequently such exposures below the action level do not usually necessitate application of all the preventive measures, especially of a medical nature, foreseen for exposures exceeding the action level. This level may lie between a third and a half of the exposure limit (ILO, 1977). acute effects: Effects that occur rapidly following exposure and are of short duration (WHO, 1979). acute toxicity:
The adverse effects occurring
within a short time of
administration of a single
dose or multiple doses
given within 24 hours (Hagan,
1959).Acute toxicity describes
the adverse effects resulting
from a single exposure
to a substance. Acute toxicity
helps workers understand
the health consequences
from a single exposure
to a chemical. acute toxicity test: An experimental animal study in which the adverse effects occur in a short time (from l-7 days) following the administration of a single or multiple doses of a chemical. The most frequently used acute toxicity test involves determination of the median lethal dose (LD50) of the compound. The LD50 has been defined as ``a statistically derived expression of a single administered dose of a material that can be expected to kill 50% of the animals'' (WHO, 1978a).
additive effect: An additive effect is the overall consequence which is the result of two chemicals acting together and which is the simple sum of the effects of the chemicals acting independently. See also antagonistic effect, synergistic effect. ADN: L'acide désoxyribonucléique (ADN) est une macromolécule (molécule géante) qui se présente sous la forme de deux brins complémentaires enroulés l'un autour de l'autre en double hélice. L'ADN est le constituant principal des chromosomes, donc du support du matériel génétique. L'ADN déroulé s'étire en un très long fil qui est constitué par un enchaînement de quatre substances chimiques symbolisées par leur première lettre : A (Adénine), T (Thymine), C (Cytosine) et G (Guanine). Leur enchaînement précis constitue le message génétique. adsorb: Collect gas or liquid molecules on the surface of another material adsorption: A process whereby one or more components of an interfacial layer between two bulk phases are either enriched or depleted (IUPAC, 1972). adverse effect: This is abnormal, undesirable or harmful effect to an organism, indicated by some result such as mortality, altered food consumption, altered body and organ weights,altered enzyme levels or visible (pathological) change. An effect may be classed as adverse effect if it causes functional or anatomical damage, causes irreversible changes or increases the susceptibility of the organism to other chemical or biological stress. A non-adverse effect will usually be reversed when exposure to the chemical ceases. aerodynamic diameter of a particle: The diameter of a spherical particle of unit density that has the same settling velocity in air as the particle in question (IAEA, 1978). aerosol: This is a very broad term applied to any suspension of solid or liquid particles in a gas. They are fine enough in the particle size (0.001 to 100 micrometers) to remain dispersed for a period of the time. Agénésie: Absence ou arrêt de dévelopement d'un tissu, d'un organe ou d'une partie du corps. agent: Any substance, force, radiation, organism, or influence that affects the body. Effects may be beneficial or injurious. Albuminurie: Présence d'albumine dans l'urine. ALARA: Acronym for "as low as reasonably achievable."
alcali: Any chemical substance which forms soluble soaps with fatty acids. Alkalis are also referred to as bases. May cause severe burns to the skin. Alkalis have ph values from 8 to 14. Alcalis: Carbonates, hydroxydes, silicates, etc. de métaux alcalins (ex. hydroxyde de sodium, hydroxyde de potassium, etc.). Les alcalis sont des substances basiques. allergen: This descriptor may be used to any substance which produces an allergic reaction. allergène: Substance susceptible de causer une réaction allergique chez certaines personnes. allergy: A broad term applied to disease symptoms following exposure to a previously encountered substance (allergen), often one which would otherwise be classified as harmless. Essentially it is a malfunction of the immune system. See sensitization. Alvéolite: Inflammation des alvéoles pulmonaires. anosmia: Loss of the sense of smell. anosmie: perte du sens de l'odorat Anorexie: Perte ou diminution de l'appétit. Anoxie: Diminution de la quantité d'oxygène distribuée dans les tissus par le sang. antagonistic effect: This is the consequence of one chemical (or a group of chemicals) interacting: the situation in which the combined effect of two or more chemicals is less than the simple sum of their independent effects. In bioassay, the term may be used to refer to the situation when a specified response is produced by exposure to either of two factors but not by exposure to both together (Last, 1983). Anticorps: Substance protéinique élaborée par les lymphocytes du sang (globules blancs) en réaction à l’introduction d’une substance étrangère dans l’organisme. antibody: A protein produced in body in response, and specific for, a foreign substance or antigen. antigen: The descriptor applied to any substance that produces a specific immune response and is regognised as foreign by the immune system when it enters the tissue of an animal or human. Antigène: Substance étrangère qui provoque la formation d’un anticorps spécifique. Anurie: absence d'urine dans la vessie par absence de production d'urine par les reins Apathie Apnée Argyrie Arythmie asbestosis: The damage to the the lungs caused specifically by exposure to, and inhalation of, asbestos fibres. Asphyxie Asthénie Asthme Ataxie Atopie Atrophie atrophy: The process which is observed during the wasting of a tissue or an organ.
Base Biodisponibilité benign: This adjective is applied to any growth which does not invade surrounding tissue. See malignant, tumour. bioavailability (synonym:biological availability, physiological availability): The extent to which a chemical substance to which the body is exposed (by ingestion, inhalation, injection, or skin contact) reaches the systemic circulation, and the rate at which this occurs. It is recognized that the bioavailability (for gastrointestinal absorption) of, for example, both essential and non-essential metals, depends on various factors including the composition of the diet and the type of the chemical compound and its state of dispersion. For instance, the absorption of lead and cadmium is increased if the food is deficient in calcium or iron (WHO, 1979). bioaccumulation: The process by which the amount of a substance in a living organism (or its parts) increases with time (WHO, 1979).
bioconcentration: A process leading to a higher concentration of a chemical in the organism relative to its environment (WHO, 1979). biological assessment of exposure: Exposure to chemicals may be assessed by the analysis of specimens taken in the environment (air, water, food, etc.) or of specimens of biological material. Most often, urine and blood are analyzed, but other materials such as expired air, faeces, saliva, bile, hair, and biopsy or autopsy material are sometimes analyzed. In these samples, the content of the xenobiotic(s) or its metabolite(s) is determined and, on this basis, the exposure level (concentration in the air, absorbed amount of the substance) or the probability of health impairment due to exposure is derived. Biochemical changes in the components of an organism can also be used for this purpose (e.g., changes in enzyme activity or in the excretion of metabolic intermediates) if they show a relationship to the exposure .Mainly used for hygienic evaluation of workplaces (deducing from the analytical results the level of exposure, sometimes even correlations with the concentration in the air, the possible absorption by other routes than inhalation, etc.) and for medical prevention or diagnostics (probability of health impairment at certain values of the exposure test). The definition of biological assessment of exposure should include only the chemical and haematological analyses already mentioned and should not be extended to include indicators of general health or sickness, or functional tests (WHO, 1979). biological cycle: The process through which a chemical substance passes in the biosphere. It may involve transport through the various media (air, water, soil), followed by environmental transformation, and carriage through various ecosystems. Chemical compounds that occur naturally have a natural biological cycle (WHO, 1979). biological half-life (synonym: biological half-time): The time required for the amount of a particular substance in a biological system to be reduced to one-half of its value by biological processes when the rate of removal is approximately exponential (ISO, 1972). For a one-compartment system describing an exponential biological process, biological half-life = log 2/f where f = elimination or decay constant. biological monitoring: The periodic examination of biological specimens (in accordance with the definition of monitoring). It is usually applied to exposure monitoring but can also apply to effect monitoring (WHO, 1979). biotransformation: A process in which a chemical is modified by a living organism (WHO, 1979). Bradycardie Bronchite Bronchoconstriction Bronchospasme Byssinose cancer: Cancer is a disease which results from the development of a malignant tumour and its spread into the surrounding tissues. See tumour. cancérogène
(Effet) carcinogen: An agent, chemical, physical or biological, that can act on living tissue in such a way as to cause a malignant neoplasm (WHO, 1980). carcinogenesis: The induction by chemical, physical, or biological agents, of neoplasms that are usually not observed, an earlier induction of neoplasms that are usually observed, and/or the induction of more neoplasms than are usually found although fundamental differences in the mechanisms may be involved (IARC, 1977). cardiomyopathie: Affection du muscle cardiaque. CAS
: ·
CAS (numéro
CAS) chemobiokinetics: The process of the uptake of chemical substances by the body, the biotransformation they undergo, the distribution of the substances and their metabolites in the tissues, and the elimination of the substances and their metabolites from the body. Both the amounts and the concentrations of the substances and their metabolites are studied. The term has essentially the same meaning as pharmaco- kinetics, but the latter term should be restricted to the study of pharmaceutical substances (WHO, 1979). chloracné: Maladie de la peau, du type acné, due à l'exposition à certains produits chlorés. choc anaphylactique: Le choc anaphylactique est une réaction allergique grave. La réaction se produit dans les minutes qui suivent l'exposition à un allergène (nouveau contact considéré comme déclenchant) et se caractérise par une urticaire généralisée, des difficultés respiratoires et une baisse de la tension artérielle. Le traitement doit s'effectuer sans délai. cholinestérase: Enzyme présente dans le sang (provoque l'hydrolyse des esters de la choline). cholinesterase and pseudocholinesterase inhibitors: These are substances which inhibit the cholinesterase-enzyme activity and thus enhance and subsequently prevent transmission of nerve impulses from one nerve cell to another or to a muscle. Chromatide: Chacune des "moitiés" d'un chromosome dans sa forme en X. Chromatides-soeurs: Chromatine:: Le génome entier (ADN et protéines) dans sa forme longue et filamenteuse typique de l'interphase (période entre deux mitoses). Chromatographie en phase gazeuses:Cette méthode chromatographique permet de séparer des mélanges gazeux complexes par suite continue d'équilibres s'établissant entre une phase mobile gazeuse et une phase stationnaire appropriée. Cette méthode ne s'adresse pas seulement aux molécules se trouvant naturellement à l'état de gaz, mais à tout composé susceptible d'être volatilisé parl'élévation de la température Chromosome: Chacun des éléments essentiels du noyau cellulaire visibles sous forme de bâtonnets lors de la mitose. Chaque chromosome se divise de façon longitudinale, donnant naissance à deux filaments jumeaux parfaitement égaux. Le nombre des chromosomes est constant pour une espèce déterminée (46 chez l'homme). Ils sont constitués essentiellement d'une double chaîne d'acide désoxyribonucléique (ADN) et sont les supports des gènes. Les chromosomes autosomiques ou autosomes (44 chez l'homme) n'interviennent pas dans la détermination du sexe alors que les chromosomes sexuels (2 chez l'homme) sont ceux qui déterminent le sexe (on connaît les deux types X et Y, dont la combinaison XX est celle du sexe féminin et la combinaison XY celle du sexe masculin).
chromosomal aberration: Any abnormality of chromosome number or structure may be described as an aberration. chromosome: This is a structure in the nucleus of the cell composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein; the chromosome forms the basis of heredity and carries genetic information in DNA in the form of sequence of nitrogenous bases. chronic effects: Effects that develop slowly and have a long duration. They are often, but not always, irreversible. Some irreversible effects may appear a long time after the chemical substance was present in the sensitive tissue. For such delayed or late effects, the latent period (or the ``time to occurrence'' of an observable effect) may be very long, particularly if the level of exposure is low (WHO, 1979). chronic toxicity test: A study in which animals are observed during the whole life span (or the major part of the life span) and in which exposure to the test material takes place over the whole observation time or a substantial part thereof. The term ``long-term toxicity study'' is sometimes used as a synonym for ``chronic toxicity study'' and sometimes to signify a study that falls in between subacute (short- term toxicity studies) and chronic toxicity studies (WHO, 1978a). CIIT:
(Chemical Industry Institute
of Toxicology) CIRC:
(Centre international de
recherche sur le cancer)
Cirrhose: Maladie chronique et progressive affectant la structure et la fonction du foie.
ceiling value (CV): The maximum permissible airborne concentration of a potentially toxic substance and is a concentration that should never be exceeded in the breathing zone. Clastogène Collapsus Colostrum COM: ici abréviation de COMmercial ou COMercia,l Accronyme utilisé dans les sites REGETOX et TOXPRO pour qualifier un site d'une société à activité commerciale. Comète (essai de
la )
compartments: The body is composed of a large number of organs, tissues, cells, and fluids, any one of which could be referred to as a compartment. In chemobiokinetics, a compartment often refers collectively to the organs, tissues, cells, and fluids for which the rates of uptake and subsequent distribution and elimination are sufficiently similar to preclude kinetic resolution (WHO, 1979). concentration: A general term referring to the quantity of a material or substance contained in unit quantity of a given medium. When the term concentration is used without further qualification, it now means amount of substance concentration (WHO, 1979). Congestion conjunctiva: The term applied to the mucous membrane that covers the eyeball and undersurface of the eyelids. Conjonctivite contaminant: used as a synonym for pollutant (ISO, 1979). control limit: A regulatory value applied to the airborne concentration in the workplace of a potentially toxic substance which is judged to be "reasonably practicable" for the whole spectrum of work activities and which must not normally be exceeded.
The conversion equation
for mg/m3 is: Conversely, the equation
for converting TLVs®
in mg/m3 to ppm is: The above equation may be used to convert TLVs® to any degree of precision desired. When converting TLVs® to mg/m3 for other temperatures and pressures, the reference TLVs® should be used as a starting point. When converting values expressed as an element (e.g., as Fe; as Ni), the molecular value of the element should be used, not that of the entire compound.In making conversions for substances with variable molecular weights, appropriate molecular weights should be estimated or assumed (see the TLV® Documentation). Corrosion: Destruction des tissus biologiques (peau, cornée, etc.) ou des matériaux. En absence de données spécifiques, selon le SIMDUT une substance appartient à la catégorie des matières corrosives si son pH est égal ou inférieur à 2 ou s’il est égal ou supérieur à 11,5. Convulsions: Contractions violentes involontaires des muscles.
corrosive of tissue: The descriptor applied to any substance which destroys tissues on direct contact. count mean diameter: The mean of the diameters of all particles in the population (IAEA, 1978). count median diameter: The diameter in the population above which there are as many particles with larger diameter as there are particles with smaller diameters (IAEA, 1978). criteria: Validated sets of data used as a basis for judgement (WHO, 1979). critical effect: The first adverse effect that appears when the critical concentration in the critical organ is reached in an individual (or the adverse effect that occurs as a result of the lowest dose in the critical organ) (WHO, 1979). critical group: That part of the target population most in need of protection (WHO, 1979). critical organ-tissue (in toxicology): The particular organ that first attains the critical concentration (of metal) under specified circumstances of exposure and for a given population (Task Group on Metal Toxicology, 1976). critical organ-tissue concentration : The mean concentration in the organ (tissue) at the time the most sensitive type of cell reaches the critical concentration (Task Group on Metal Toxicity, 1976). critical period: A period during the development of a human, animal, or vegetable body, which is of particular importance in the life cycle if the normal full development of some anatomical, physiological, metabolic, or psychological structure or function is to be attained (WHO, 1972). cumulative effect (functional accumulation): Occurs when repeated doses of a toxic substance or harmful radiation summate to give an enhanced effect (WHO, 1979).
cutané: Qui se rapporte à la peau. cyanose: Coloration bleutée de la peau et des muqueuses produite par un manque d'oxygène. cyanosis: The pathological condition where there is an excessive concentration of reduced haemoglobin in the blood. This results in blue appearance of the skin, especially on the face and extremities, indicating the lack of sufficient oxygen in arterial blood. cytokine: Substance sécrétée par les lymphocytes (globules blancs) et les macrophages, impliquée dans le développement et la régulation des réponses immunitaires. cytotoxic: The adjective applied to anything that is harmful to the cell structure and function and ultimately causing cell death. death rate: An estimate of the proportion of a population that dies during a specified period. The numerator is the number of persons dying during the period; the denominator is the size of the population, usually estimated as the mid-year population. The death rate in a population is generally calculated by the formula Number of deaths dégénérescence: Transformation anormale d'un organe, d'un tissu ou d'une faculté entraînant une altération de son fonctionnement, mais pas toujours de façon définitive. déliquescent: Substance qui absorbe l'humidité de l'air au point de devenir liquide. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): is the constituent of the chromosomes which stores the hereditary information in the form of a sequence nitrogenous bases. Much of this information is related to the synthesis of proteins. deposition: The process by which a certain amount of a substance arrives at a particular site (e.g., the deposition of particles on the ciliated epithelium of the bronchial airways) (WHO, 1979). dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin. dermatose: Nom générique de toutes les affections de la peau. dermite (ou dermatite): Inflammation de la peau. desquamation: Élimination anormale des couches superficielles de la peau en petites lamelles. detoxify: Reduce the toxicity of a substance either (1) by making it less harmful or (2) by treating patients suffering from poisoning in such away as to reduce the probability and/or severity of harmful effects. développement (Effets sur le): Indique que des effets peuvent survenir au cours du développement prénatal (avant la naissance) et/ou postnatal (après la naissance jusqu'à la puberté). Ces effets comprennent les malformations congénitales (effet tératogène), les effets sur l'embryon ou le foetus (retard de croissance, diminution du poids corporel, mort, etc.) ainsi que les effets postnataux (trouble du comportement, etc.). diploïde: Qui possède des chromosomes par paires. La diploïdie se retrouve dans toutes les cellules, à l'exception des cellules sexuelles. diurèse : Formation et excrétion de l'urine diurétique: Qui augmente le débit urinaire discharge (or effluent or emission) standard or release limit: The maximum acceptable release of a pollutant from a given source to a specified medium under specified circumstances (WHO, 1979). distribution: This is a general term for the dispersal of a applied substance and its derivatives throughout an organism or environmental system. DIVS Dopamine dose: The amount of a chemical administered to an organism (WHO, 1978).
dose exposure-response relationship: The relationship between administered dose or exposure and the biological change in organisms. It may be expressed as the severity of an effect in one organism (or part of an organism) or as the proportion of a population exposed to a chemical that shows a specific reaction (WHO, 1979). dysarthrie: Trouble de l'articulation des mots. dysmétrie: Difficulté de coordination caractérisée par un manque de mesure dans l'amplitude des mouvements musculaires. dysphagie: Difficulté à avaler. dysphonie: Altération de la voix. dyspnée Difficulté à respirer. idiosyncrasy:
The increased individual
sensitivity of an organism
to the effect of certain
substances (UNEP/IRPTC,
1982). |
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